Endomycorrhizae

Endomycorrhizae symbiotically associate with about 90% of the plant kingdom. These organisms date back to 350-460 million years ago and were important in the colonization of land by vascular plants. Endomycorrhizae (fungi) form an intercellular attachment with plant roots, penetrating their cells walls and forming branched structures called arbuscules within root cells. These arbuscules provide a large surface area for nutrient exchange through the cell membrane which is beneficial for plants as it allows them access to nutrients from soil that surrounds them; mycelia extend from these fungi into surrounding soil gathering nutrients and water before bringing it back to plant’s roots.

Commonly Utilized Plant Species That Benefit From Endomycorrhizae*

Acacia Beech Cherry Eggplant
Agapanthus Begonia Chinese Tallow Eucalyptus
Alder Black Locust Chrysanthemum Euonymus
Almond Blackberry Citrus, all Fern
Apple BlueGrama Clover Fescues
Apricot BoxElder Coconut Fig
Aspen Boxwood Coffee Flowers, almost all
Araucaria Brazilian Rubber CoralTree Forsythia
Artichoke Bulbs,all Corn Fuschia
Ash Burning Bush Cotton Gardenia
Asparagus Cacao Cottonwood Garlic
Avocado Cactus Cowpea Geranium
Bamboo Camellia Crab Tree Grapes,all
Banana Carissa Creosote Bush Grasses, almost all
Barley Carrot Cucumber Green Ash
Basil Cassava Currant Guayule
Bayberry Ceanothus Cypress Gum
Bean Cedar Dogwood Hemp
Celery Herbs, all
Hibiscus Mesquite Pittosporum Sourwood
Holly Millet Plum Soybean
Hops Mimosa Podocarpus Squash
Hostas Morning Glory Poplar Strawberry
Impatiens Mountain Laurel Poinsettia Succulents
Jojoba Nasturtium Potato Sugar Cane
Juniper Okra Pumpkin Sumac
Kiwi Olive Raspberry Sunflower
Leek Olive Palm Redwood Sweet Gum
Lettuce Onion Rhaphiolepis Sweet Potato
Ligustrum Palms, all Rice Sycamore
Lily Papaya Rose Tea
Magnolia Passion Fruit Russian Olive Tobacco
Mahonia Paw Paw Ryegrass Tomato
Mango Peach Sagebrush Walnut
Maples, all Peanut Saltbush Wheat
Marigold Pecan Sequoia Willow
Mellon, all Peppers, all Snapdragon Yam
Pistachio Yew, all

*This list is not complete

Ectomycorrhizae

Ectomycorrhizae are a type of fungi that form an extracellular attachment with about 5% of the plant kingdom, mostly conifers and a few deciduous hardwood trees. They work by creating fungal sheaths around root tips and expelling organic substances to make them more permeable for gas exchange as well as water uptake. The mycelium of the fungi also forages into soil great distances to transport nutrients back to their root tips- transporting what they find until they die off in one place or another.

Commonly Utilized Plant Species That Benefit From Ectomycorrhizae*

Alder Hazelnut
Arctostaphylos Hickory
Aspen Hemlock
Basswood Larch
Beech Linden
Birch Madrone
Chestnut Manzanita
Chinquapin Oak
Cottonwood Pecan
Douglas   fir Pine
Eucalyptus Poplar
Filbert Spruce
Fir Willow

*This list is not complete

Plant Groups That Benefit From Both Endo- and Ectomycorrhizae

Alder
Aspen
Cottonwood
Eucalyptus
Poplar
Willow

Plant Groups That Do Not Benefit From Endo- or Ectomycorrhizae

Brassica Family

Broccoli
Brussels
Cabbage
Cauliflower
Collards
Kale
Rutabaga

Ericaceae Family

Azalea
Blueberry
Cranberry
Heath
Huckleberry
Lingonberries
Rhododendron

Others

Beet
Carnation
Mustard
Orchids
Protea
Rush
Sedge
Spinach

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